Since 1990, Mongolia has successfully transitioned into a market-oriented economy from centrally-planned economy. Today, Mongolia is one of the world’s fastest growing economies.

Gross Domestic Product

In 2011, Mongolia’s GDP grew by 17.5%, compared to a growth rate of 6.4% in 2010. This was mainly because of the favorable performance of both the industry and service sectors due to the increase in foreign direct investment in the mining industry, upward price trends  for commodities, such as copper, gold and iron, an increase in export volumes and an  increased demand for transportation infrastructure and transportation services driven by the economic development in Mongolia.

The Mongolian economy grew at a slower pace in 2012 but still maintained strong double-digit growth. Annual economic growth decelerated to 12.3 percent in 2012 from 17.5 percent in 2011. Despite slower growth of mineral exports, double-digit economic growth was driven by the robust performance of the non-mineral sector fueled by the recovery of agricultural sector as well as steady growth in construction, transportation and ICT industries.

Source: National Statistical Office of Mongolia 

Principal Sectors of the Economy

 Industry

The industry sector consists of four main sub-sectors: (i) mining and quarrying, (ii) manufacturing, (iii) construction, and (iv) electricity, gas steam and air conditioning supply. In 2011, the industry sector, which accounted for 30.8% of nominal GDP, recorded  a growth rate of 9.1%. This growth rate was mainly driven by the growth of the mining andquarrying sub-sector, which recorded a growth rate of 9.1% in 2011.

Agriculture

The agriculture sector consists of agriculture, forestry and fishing and accounted for  12.3% of nominal GDP in 2011. In 2011, the agriculture sector recorded a growth rate of negative  0.5%. This decrease in growth was mainly a result of the continued effect of the severe loss of livestock in late 2009 and early 2010 as a result of extreme winter conditions.

 Source: National Statistical Office of Mongolia

Service

The service sector consists of six main sub-sectors: (i) wholesale and retail trade, (ii) transportation and storage, (iii)information and communication, (iv) financial and  insurance activities, (v) real estate activities and (vi) education . In 2011, the service sector, which accounted for 41.8% of nominal GDP, recorded a growth rate of 26.8%, compared to 16.7% in 2010. Growth in the service sector in 2011 was attributable to growth in almost all six service sub-sectors, which was primarily driven by the rapidly growing  economy.

Foreign trade

In 2012, foreign trade led to a total external trade turnover of U.S.$6.5 billion of which exports represented U.S.$2.5 billion and imports represented U.S.$3.9 billion. In 2012, mineral exports accounted for 89 percent of total exports. The largest exported product was coal, accounting for 43.4 percent, followed by copper concentrate (19.1 percent), crude oil (7.7 percent) and gold (2.8 percent). The three major minerals (copper, coal and goal) together accounted for 73 percent of total exports. In terms of major destination countries of export, China imported 92.6 percent of total exports from Mongolia, followed by Russia (1.8 percent).

Source: National Statistical Office of Mongolia 

The total exports from Mongolia by country /U.S.$ millions/

Total exports from   Mongolia by country of destination	For the year ended or as at December 31,					For the six months ended or as at June 30,
	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
China	1,411.4	1,635.9	1,393.9	2,466.3	4,439.9	2,125.5
Canada	178.6	174.6	147.5	141.6	90.8	40.1
United   States	99.9	114.2	13.9	6.0	5.0	2.1
Russia	58.5	86.3	68.2	82.7	96.3	33.9
United   Kingdom	22.1	165.8	126.9	67.4	20.0	3.9
Italy	56.7	42.2	31.4	31.8	49.8	9.3
South   Korea	41.5	29.9	15.5	30.5	37.9	4.9
Germany	17.8	11.0	15.6	22.1	14.9	7.7
France	5.4	30.3	2.2	3.9	7.7	1.3
Switzerland	1.8	2.1	2.8	2.9	18.0	7.3
Japan	15.1	27.6	4.6	2.7	11.0	1.7
Others	38.7	214.6	62.8	50.6	26.2	24.6
Total	1,947.5	2,534.5	1,885.4	2,908.5	4,817.5	2,262.3

The total imports of Mongolia by country/U.S.$ millions/

Total exports from   Mongolia by country of destination	For the year ended or as at December 31,					For the six months ended or as at June 30,
	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
Russia	745.0	1,242.3	772.8	1,046.7	1,624.7	893.9
China	568.9	898.7	538.6	971.0	2,023.9	884.9
United   States	55.7	84.1	103.7	158.9	536.0	321.0
Japan	140.2	238.5	97.0	196.5	490.2	266.7
Korea	119.6	194.8	155.1	181.8	356.7	225.9
Germany	76.5	92.6	70.3	87.2	273.6	111.0
Canada	10.6	10.8	7.5	22.3	128.3	49.1
Belarus	7.4	8.9	11.4	15.2	72.3	45.9
Australia	18.6	17.7	15.3	38.6	94.3	42.5
Singapore	29.3	45.6	27.7	51.0	69.5	38.2
Others	290.0	410.5	338.3	430.9	928.9	434.2
Total	2,061.8	3,244.5	2,137.7	3,200.1	6,598.4	3,313.3

Source: National Statistical Office of Mongolia

Mining in Mongolia

Mongolia is rich in mineral resources and has some of the world’s major mineral deposits including gold, copper,uranium and coal. Geological data gathered since the 1920s and exploration to date has proven vast mineralreserves, but only 15 per cent of the country has been fully mapped. There are over 6,000 deposits of around 80 different minerals discovered to date in Mongolia. Key mining projects are expected to have a positive impact on Mongolia’s overal economic situation as commercial production commences.

Minerals	Estimated reserves/as January 1, 2012/
Coal (million tons)	18,473.2
Iron (million tons)	1,046.6
Copper (thousand tons)	83,807
Lead (thousand tons)	1,740
Gold (placer) (tons)	221.47
Gold (hard rock deposit) (tons)	2,180.9

Source: Mineral Resources Authority of Mongolia

Mongolia’s key mining projects include Oyu Tolgoi and Tavan Tolgoi among others.

Oyu ToIgoi: Oyu Tolgoi  is one of the world’s largest copper-gold reserves under development and is located in the South Gobi region of Mongolia, approximately 550 kilometers south of the capital, Ulaanbaatar, and 80 kilometers north of the Mongolia-Chinese border. The Oyu Tolgoi copper mine is expected to produce more than 0.6 million tons of copper, 20.3 tons of gold and 93.8 tons of silver per annum once it reaches full production in 2018.

Tavan Tolgoi:  Tavan Tolgoi is considered one of the world’s largest coal deposits under development with an estimated 7.4 billion tons of cocking and thermal coal resources. The majority of Tavan Tolgoi formation is owned by Erdenes MGL, government owned company.

Download the Presentation of Economic Overview of Mongolia 2013